Discuss Whether Franklin Roosevelts New Deal Was Successful History Essay

Discuss Whether Franklin Roosevelts New Deal Was Successful History Essay The following investigation will discuss whether Franklin Roosevelts New Deal was a success and whether it was the primary reason that the United States recovered from the Great Depression. This will talk in depth about the key ideas and goals of Roosevelts New Deal. It will describe some of the programs administered during the Roosevelt administration and evaluate their successes and failures. From there, an evaluation of various opinions through different sources from books and internet websites will be used in order to draw a final conclusion over this investigation. At the very depth of depression, a new president and a new administration came to power. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt tackled the job of recovery and realized that drastic measures had to be used to bring the faltering economy back to something approaching normal. These measures would create permanent and basic changes in the traditional relationship between government and the economy.  [1]   The most significant of the programs made during the depression was the ambitious attempt to fashion and engineer the passage of legislation that would substitute industrial economy and at the same time institute a federal public works program that would repair and improve the nations existing physical infrastructure, create thousands of long term jobs, stimulate local economies, develop hydropower and irrigation projects to enhance growth and economic health of entire regions, and generate general industrial recovery by creating markets for iron, steel, concrete, and other products.  [2]   This program was called the National Industrial Recovery Act. Congress established the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to help revive industry and labor through rational planning. The idea behind the NRA was simple: representatives of business, labor, and government would establish codes of fair practices that would set prices, production levels, minimum wages, and maximum hours within each industry.  [3]   By the end of the NRAs first year, more than 550 codes had been developed and many businesses had signed up, but the success was illusory. Jealousies, disagreements, and plain recalcitrance on the part of many industries and businesses made the code system virtually unworkable. Moreover, the economy did not recover noticeably because unemployment was still high. The National Recovery Administration ultimately would be dismantled, but even in its failure, it had established a new relationship between governments and business and government and labor.2 Another program, called the Public Works Administration spent over $6 billion, but did not succeed in returning the level of industrial activity to pre-depression levels. Nor did it significantly reduce the unemployment level or help jump-start a widespread creation of small businesses. FDR, personally opposed to deficit spending, refused the spend the sums necessary to accomplish these goals. Nonetheless, the historical legacy of the PWA is perhaps as important as its practical accomplishments at the time. It provided the federal government with its first systematic network for the distribution of funds to localities, ensured that conservation would remain an element in the national discussion, and provided federal administrators with a broad amount of badly needed experience in public policy planning.  [4]   Roosevelts administration, however, had no master plan. It confronted a crisis and was determined to do something about it. Most of the New Deal programs were improvisional in character. Many were frank experiments that revealed serious flaws and contradictions. Points of strength and weaknesses in the New Deal programs, their success or failure, grew clearer as time passed. The New Deal, though it did much to alleviate some of the more desperate effects of the collapse, was not bringing recovery. Relief programs prevented starvation and helped many of the nations poor and unemployed survive, and the huge public works projects helped to reduce unemployment, but recovery eluded the nation.1  [5]   Under the New Deal, the capital replaced Wall Street and government had become the largest enterprise in the country.1 Despite all of the New Deal programs and legislation complete recovery continued to elude that nations leaders. Although definite progress had been made, it was painfully slow. The New Deal was not the decisive factor in bringing an end to the depression. Certainly the New Deal had alleviated some of the worst suffering of the depression. Jobs were provided for millions, and relief programs aided millions more.1 Part C: Evaluation of Sources: After the Crash: America in the Great Depression was written by John Rublowsky who is the author of several other books. This book mainly deals with topics after the stock market crash and later discuss in the last few chapters about the New Deal and the countrys recovery. The books value is that it clearly depicts American life after the depression had hit, and gives a thorough evaluation of the after events of the crash and of the New Deal. Its limitation is that it does not thoroughly discuss the events that led up to the depression, but only briefly mentions it the Prelude of the book. The next book being used for this assessment is the Great Depression: America in the 1930s. T.H Watkins wrote this book in the 1960s. The value of this book is that it offers a political, economic, and cultural account of the Great Depression. It discusses thoroughly of the many federal reforms during this time. Another value of this book is that it is a very reliable source. The author who wrote it has won several achievements for his writing. A limitation would be that although it covers many topics, it might not describe each topic with equal thoroughness. Part D: Analysis: Many argue whether or not the New Deal was fully successful in its goals. Although the various programs made during this time did prevent many from starving and did aid the people, they were still unable to get America fully out of the Depression. By 1937, a deep recession struck America, even with the many aid programs set by the Roosevelt administration. By 1939, there were still 8 million Americans without jobs. It was not until about 1941, that unemployment had ended, which many people believe to be the effect of the war rather than the New Deal. When Roosevelt became president in 1932, he knew that drastic measures needed to be taken in order for America to prosper again. The historic First 100 Days brought with it many new programs and legislations that were being passed by congress. The goal for these waves of programs was primarily relief. The relief programs were successful in preventing more starvation and aiding the unemployed, but it was not enough to fully stop the effects of the Depression. A reason for this could be that most of the programs administered during this time were for the most part experiments that had many flaws. The agricultural program, for example, was based on an economics of scarcity in which artificially created shortages brought about through drastic cuts in production would be used to raise prices of agricultural products.1  [6]  This was considered an ironic program because many people could not even afford food and raising the prices would only hinder the people. Other programs such as the NRA began successfully, but never fully succeeded and ended. The legacy that the NRA left was that it helped establish the relationship between government and business/labor. However, the NRA failed like many other programs to drastically change the American economy as businesses continually disagreed with each other and were determined to run their companies as they pleased. Perhaps some of the more successful programs were the Civil Works Administration and the Public Works Administration. Although the C.W.A ended in 1943, it established the idea that any type of work was better than immediate relief money given by the F.E.R.A. During this time, the people were embarrassed to be given relief money without having worked for it and this often caused resentment and bitterness to some of the programs created during this time. The C.W.A allowed people to work for their money, even though some of the work may have been insignificant. The C.W.A set the model for other relief programs such as the W.P.A who helped employ people of any occupation. Another relief effort was the P.W.A, which took a different approach than the other programs. The P.W.A was designed to stimulate industry through public works projects that would require huge quantities of material.1  [7]  The P.W.A provided many jobs to the unemployed, but also helped better the country by building hospitals, sewage systems, water supply works, schools etc. During the six effective years of its life, P.W.A would finance a total of 34,508 projects at a cost of a little more than $6 billion, employing in any given year half a million workers or more.2  [8]   Although there were many successes in the programs made during this time, its main objectives such as stimulating the industry failed. Industrial production and employment did rise, but soon again they would fall. There was many opposition by the government interference, particularly from business and labor. Many claimed that government interference hurt business more than it helped them. They felt that the uncertainty of business was due to the businesses not knowing what action the government would take next. Others, such as labor, felt that the programs administered were not effective because there were still millions in the country unemployed by 1935. Despite the many oppositions to the New Deal, one thing is very clear. The New Deal although not fully successful in its goals brought with it change to the government. Government now assumed an increasingly important role in all aspects of the social and economic life of the nation.1  [9]  The New Deal brought change to the idea of taxation. Instead of being used as a way of finance, it was changed to distributing wealth equally among the people. The government had began to enforce laws and operation rules on banks and the stock market and had made large social changes such as the Social Security Act, that secured those who were too old to work effectively. Because of the New Deal, the government replaced Wall Street as the nerve center of the nation. Government had become the largest enterprise in the country.1 Part E- Conclusion: There are many opinions as to whether the New Deal was successful in ending the depression. Some believe that although the New Deal did give America various forms of relief, in the end it was shorter lived than long term. Many critics to the New Deal say that even though the New Deal was not the key factor in ending the depression, it forever changed the relationship between the people and the government and between government and business. Towards the late 1930s, America had made some progress towards relief, but it was brutally slow. In the end, it was Americas entrance into WWII that fully brought American businesses and the stock market back into action.

Little Fugue and Morning Song by Sylvia Plath Essay -- Sylvia Plath Po

A relationship is an emotional connection to someone involving an interaction between two or more people. There are many types of relationships, some functional and others far from being workable. I will demonstrate this through my texts of; Little Fugue, and Morning Song both poems written by Sylvia Plath; the movie, Love Actually; and the book, Trickster’s Choice by Tamora Pierce. Little Fugue by Sylvia Plath is my first example of how we all perceive our different relationships. This poem is about Plath talking of her father and herself and the lack of communication between the two. Throughout the poem, Plath contradicts herself, saying, ‘I was seven, I knew nothing’ yet she constantly talks of the past, remembering. Her tone is very dark and imposing, she uses many images of blindness, deafness and a severe lack of communication, ‘So the deaf and dumb/signal the blind, and are ignored’. Her use of enjambment shows her feelings and pain in some places, in other places it covers up her emotional state. She talks of her father being a German, a Nazi. Whilst her father may have originated from Germany, he was in no way a Nazi, or a fascist. He was a simple man who made sausages. ‘Lopping the sausages!’ However she used this against her father, who died when she was but eight, saying that she still had night mares, ‘They color1 my sleep,’ she also brings her father’s supposed Nazism up again, ‘Red, mottled, like cut necks./There was a silence!’. Plath also talks of her father being somewhat of a general in the militia, ‘A yew hedge of orders,’ also with this image she brings back her supposed vulnerability as a child, talking as if her father was going to send her away, ‘I am guilty of nothing.’ For all her claims of being vul... ...r child being an alien, she still stumbles from bed ‘cow heavy’ at a single cry from the child. Morning Song is literally the cry of a baby, as it calls for it’s mother. The relationship between mother and child is strong although Plath seems to view her child as something totally unchildlike. She doesn’t seem to be able to connect with her child in any way. I have learned that relationships are diverse and can change from one moment to the next. I have learned that not all people share the same views as I do when it comes to the people I hold dear. The world around me is a very different place to my perceived ideals. Relationships are like diamonds, with many sides and facets. It can be perfect and clear, or cloudy and distorted. It is life. 1American spelling used as it is a direct quote 2Corus is the capital city of Aly’s home country, Tortall

Does internet affect today”s children for good or bad? Essay

Internet affect today’s children in both for good and for bad. It affect them in a good way, like affecting their mental ability, because, it helps them in researching homeworks and projects or reports..and that makes them get higher scores or points at class†¦and it makes them smart too, and makes them wise too, because there are lots of difficult and uneasy ways to use computer, that makes them more confuois and want to know more about it, and try to know those things. And it affect them in a bad way too, children nowadays, are affected bt this most in a bad way. Because some children uses the internetjust for fun, like entering sites that is not for them, and searching sex videos, that makes them confuois if what it really feels when doing it, thats why lots of teenagers, specially girls, are affected by it, they are already pregnant with just the age of 16 or 17. Boys are addicted to computer games that affects their studies, their presence of mind in class, cause they get excited in dismissed, because they want to paly computer, they keep on asking money to their parents just to play games on internet, and if their parents wont give them some money, they’ll get mad and talk back to their parents†¦and it also affect their health, especially their eyes, and they almost dont eat meals just to play in the internet. So i can say that internet really affects today’s children. But they are affected most in the bad way.

Companies Are It, not They

Companies Are It, not They Companies Are It, not They Companies Are It, not They By Brittiany Cahoon A common error in modern writing looks a little like this: Microsoft announced they are releasing a new Xbox console next week Since Microsoft is a company made up of many people, its easy to make this mistake. But companies are always its, not theys. Microsoft announced it is releasing Another variation on this rule is to remember to use which instead of who. (Wrong) Apple, Inc., who brought the world the iPod (Right) Apple, Inc., which brought the world the iPod Here are some quotations from mainstream publications that illustrate the point: Last week, at the Gnomedex technology conference in Seattle, Microsoft announced it is building the ability to detect, display and subscribe to RSS (The Guardian) Second, Microsoft has devised a new strategy, called .NET, under which it will try to recast itself as a provider of Internet-based software services rather (The Economist) Michele Brosius, a 49-year-old blogger from Pillow, Pa., says shes not deleting her Facebook account, either. She knew from the moment she put her data on the Internet that it was up for grabs. Facebook isnt the only one tracking her. Anytime she uses a store rewards card, a credit card, takes surveys or picks up an electronic device, she knows someones watching her. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.8 Types of Parenthetical PhrasesSupervise vs. Monitor

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example Cognitive Dissonance Paper Cognitive Dissonance Paper Cognitive dissonance theory was first proposed by Festinger in 1957 in which he suggested that there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i. e. beliefs/opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviours then something must happen to eliminate this inconsistency and the discomfort this causes. Festinger proposed that in the case of a discrepancy between attitude and behaviour it is likely to be that the attitude will alter to accommodate the behaviour. This theory was investigated in a study undertaken by Festinger and Carlsmith in 1959. Subjects were asked to undertake two very dull repetitive tasks. At the end some of the subjects were given one dollar and told to tell the next subject that the task was interesting. Another group of subjects were given twenty dollars and told to tell the next subject that the task was interesting. The final group was sent away once the task was complete without talking to anybody. The groups were subsequently interviewed and questioned on how interesting the task had been. The one dollar group reported that the task was interesting, the twenty dollar group reported the task was boring and the control group reported the same. The conclusion was that the one dollar group was not sufficiently rewarded for lying and therefore cognitive dissonance occurred. They convinced themselves the task was interesting in order to remove the cognitive dissonance. The twenty dollar group were sufficiently rewarded for lying so felt no cognitive dissonance. Dissonance theory and the motorist. When trying to change the attitudes and behaviour of motorists we need to explore Festingers theory of cognitive dissonance. For example, when a motorist takes a rat run in order to avoid a queue of traffic he may not in effect get to his destination any quicker, neither may he recognise the risks associated with his action. If he does recognise this then dissonance will occur. In addition to this he may also live on a residential road and feel aggrieved when motorists use his road to short cut, subsequently cognitive dissonance occurs. In attempt to alleviate this dissonance he may try and justify his actions by altering his attitude in saying that if rat running was a problem on the route he uses then the council would introduce a method of preventing it. He may also convince himself that other people are doing it and one more car wont make a difference. How do we as road safety professionals bring about a change in attitude? Other methods such as physical engineering works can be used to enforce behaviour change however this will only have a short term effect and will be related only to that locality. A long term attitude will have a beneficial effect upon behaviour at all similar situations. One of the biggest successes in road safety during recent times has been the drink drive challenge. In the 1960s and early 1970s it was seen as socially acceptable to drink drive. Your friends did it so you did it with little thought for the consequences. It is fair to say that increased enforcement of this issue has had some affect on reducing the numbers of motorists drink driving but the biggest success has been with attitude change following years of awareness raising and education campaigns. This has brought about a sea change in attitude whereby nowadays it is completely socially unacceptable to drink and drive and it is likely that friends would even prevent each other from doing so. Therefore it can be seen that with sustained targeted and appropriate education attitudes can be changed. It should therefore follow that if we invest the same resources in tackling the issues of inappropriate speed then we can bring about a sustained change in attitude regarding this. We therefore need to challenge the dissonance felt by speeding motorists. In West Sussex we run a road safety campaign aimed at challenging this dissonance. Called Make the Commitment the campaign encourages motorists to sign up to a pledge to say that they will not speed in residential areas. The campaign is adopted by whole communities and not only are the pledges signed but roadside posters are erected to tell motorists that they are in a speed pledge area. This campaign has been successful in challenging the behaviour of those motorists who speed in other areas but would not dream of doing so in their own area. Also included in the campaign has been a number of radio advertisements. This have been hugely successful in reaching the target audience at the time of the behaviour you are challenging thus creating cognitive dissonance in attempt to alter their behaviour at that time. The campaign has been successful in raising the awareness of inappropriate speed and its affects on communities. As mentioned earlier education is also key in bringing about a long term change in attitude and behaviour. The UKs Road Traffic Law Review (1988) recommended that: A pilot study of one day retraining in basic driving skills as a disposal should be undertaken to determine whether such retraining produces a lasting improvement in the driving skills of the offender undertaking it. The recommendation was prompted following the identification that a large number of motor vehicle collisions are caused by driver skills deficit. Furthermore, it was felt that this approach could also benefit drivers who persistently commit traffic violations. It was felt that these drivers attitudes towards committing offences could be modified, with a consequent reduction in their offending behaviour. The National Driver Improvement Scheme (NDIS) attempts to re-educate motorists who have committed offences such as speeding or non-conformity. Attendance is offered on a referral basis as an alternative to the motorist having a fine or penalty points imposed on them. It is likely that these reasons motivate most motorists to attend rather than a desire to change as they will probably believe that they are a safe driver who was unlucky to be caught on that occasion. Therefore, we may assume that the majority of these individuals consider that they made an active, unforced and positive choice in attending the course. Dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) suggests that NDIS clients will justify their physical, financial and psychological investment by changing their attitudes in such a way that they become consistent with those endorsed during the course. During the course attitudes and behaviour is examined and the consequences of inappropriate speeding is highlighted to the participants. Anecdotal evidence has shown that attitudes of even the most sceptical participants are affected by the course and whilst there is still much research to be undertaken to ascertain the long term affects of such programmes the initial research has shown that very few of the participants re-offend within the first two years after attending a course. It is also likely, though as far as I am aware not proven, that participants on the course will go on to re-educate others within their social circle as to the consequences of speeding. The course may therefore be having a greater impact than on just the referred participants.

Southern Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Southern Company - Case Study Example Therefore, they fail to achieve desirable management of talent in the organization. Finally, the Southern Company has functional expertise, which increases the chances of the company identifying appropriate human resources for its electric utility activities. â€Å"Evaluate the effectiveness of the roles that the strategic leaders played in the formation of the performance management strategy†. There was a deliberate improvement in the entire leadership of the company. The improvement was strategic because it enabled the corporation achieve better achievement. Consequently, the effectiveness of this step to empower leaders concentrated on the suggestions in management books. â€Å"The Leadership Pipeline†, is a book that encouraged Southern Company leaders to diversify their strategies. The leaders also determined the respective results that they needed to achieve in order to improve performance (Kandula, 2006). Indeed, this strategy was effective because it enabled the strategic leaders to form desirable and applicable strategies in managing their respective talents. In addition, the strategic leaders ensured there was an implementation of a plan that would increase their performance. For example, the plan entailed the formation of certain guidelines. Consequently, the guidelines focused on how to improve the performance of management. The effectiveness of this strategy was the creation of order in the delivery of managerial responsibilities. For example, the guidelines would reduce any confusion from lack of sufficient preparing (Goldsmith, Marshall, Carter, Louis, & B.P.I, 2009). Other efficiencies of the roles played by the strategic leaders include preparing for future talents by identifying potential successors. This strategy enabled the management of Southern Company to determine the nature of talent they had during operational periods. This is because the strategic leaders encouraged willing human resources to agree to certain leadership p ositions in the future. Additionally, there was enhancement of performance because of the requirement to state the time that an individual was ready to perform diverse tasks. Moreover, the human resources of Southern Company work hard to achieve the required experience for promotions in the organization. This is effective because the strategy forces employees to increase their respective competencies. In particular, the management of Southern Company used its leaders in diverse departments to increase the performance of the entire company (Armstrong, 2011). â€Å"Develop a five (5) point criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the talent management strategy and how the data could be collected† 1. Talent management focuses on diverse programs and cultures in the respective organization. These programs and cultures retain all the available talent in organizations like Southern Company. 2. Additional programs that are part of the strategy for managing talents in organizatio ns include the rotation of duties (Armstrong, 2011). 3. Research into emerging processes of talent management is equally crucial. 4. The managers can alter their respective duty rosters in order to determine the best department for each employee. This will also ensure that employees perfect their diverse talents hence being effective in whatever department (Goldsmith, Marshall, Carter, Louis, & B.P.I, 2009). 5. In addition, the management of talent also includes retaining talent for lengthy periods in order to create loyalty. This is because loyalty increases performance in

Knowing Your School and Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Knowing Your School and Community - Essay Example Martin of Tours Fife campus on August 30, 1993, at 2323 54th Ave. E. Fife, WA 98424. All Saints School conducts CTBS (California Test of Basic Skills) and WASL (Washington Assessment of Student Learning) tests as per the state education department’s assessment standards. The CTBS is a computer-based test that provides a ranking on the national level of a specific grade. The average national score for CTBS is 50% to rank a student’s score. The WASL is a written test where a student has to reach a certain standard of marks, which is a percentage score of the students taking the test to achieve the standard set by the state education department (http://www.allsaintspuyallup.org/info_test_scores.htm). All students are supposed to reach the grade-levels set by the Catholic Archdiocese, matching with the recommended Washington state â€Å"Essential Academic Learning Requirements.† Complete information on the grade-level expectations is given in the Parent/Student Handbook also (http://www.allsaintspuyallup.org/info_grade_level_exp.htm). Students get trimester report cards where progress report on each subject is displayed for improving the performance so that they know their strong and weak areas. Generally, students score above the state and national averages in the tests given from time to time (http://www.allsaintspuyallup.org/brochure.pdf). Report cards don’t provide a complete view of a student progress. A meeting with the teacher provides a clear picture of the progress of a child in totality. Parents are intimated of any such meeting to discuss the issues concerning a student’s report card is required. Students are given admission without any discrimination on the basis of race, sex, color, national and ethnic origin, age, and any physical handicap.